Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, a vital part of the immune system responsible for fighting infections and maintaining fluid balance in the body. Lymphoma begins when healthy lymphatic cells grow uncontrollably, disrupting normal immune function.1 The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes located throughout the body, particularly in the neck, chest, underarms, abdomen, pelvis, and groin. It also involves other organs like the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow, all of which can be affected by lymphoma.
Types of Lymphoma
There are two main types of lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma (formerly Hodgkin disease)
This type typically begins when B lymphocytes (B cells) undergo genetic mutations. It usually starts in the lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may also appear under the arms, in the abdomen, or pelvis.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
In this form, either B cells or T cells mutate and grow into tumors, usually within the lymph nodes. It can also spread to other organs of the lymphatic system like the spleen or thymus, and to lymph tissue elsewhere in the body.
Who Is Affected?
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Most commonly affects people between the ages of 60 and 80, with a slightly higher occurrence in men.
Hodgkin Lymphoma: More likely to develop in people aged 20 to 39, and again at age 65 and older. Men are slightly more likely to be diagnosed than women.
Lymphoma Risk Factors
Certain factors may increase the risk of developing lymphoma:
- Age:
- 60- 80 years for non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- 15–40 or older than 55 for Hodgkin lymphoma
- Gender: Men or individuals assigned male at birth are at slightly higher risk
- Weakened immune system: Due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant medications, or inherited immune disorders
- Autoimmune conditions: Such as rheumatoid arthritis or celiac disease
- Viral infections: Including Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C, or HTLV-1
- Chemical exposure: To substances like benzene or pesticides
- Past cancer treatment: Radiation therapy may increase lymphoma risk
Signs & Symptoms
Both types of lymphoma may present similar symptoms:
- Painless swelling of lymph nodes (neck, armpits, or groin) that persists
- Persistent fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest
- Fever above 39.5°C lasting more than two days or recurring
- Drenching night sweats (soaking through clothes or sheets)
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
- Unexplained weight loss
If you notice any of these symptoms, consult your healthcare provider promptly for evaluation and diagnosis.