Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer refers to a group of cancers that begin in various areas of the head and neck region. Most of these cancers originate in the squamous cells, which form the moist lining of the mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), and nasal cavity. These cancers are collectively referred to as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
Treatment aims to control the disease while preserving the functions of the affected areas such as speaking, eating, and facial movement. Early diagnosis and intervention significantly improve the likelihood of successful treatment and long-term survival.
How common are Head and Neck Cancers?
Globally, head and neck cancers account for approximately 4.5% of all cancer diagnoses. They are more commonly diagnosed in males over the age of 50, which may be linked to greater exposure to known risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use.
Head and Neck Cancer Risk Factors
A wide range of biological, lifestyle, and environmental factors contribute to the development of head and neck cancers:
- Human papillomavirus (HPV): Research shows that around 73% of head and neck cancers in the United States are associated with HPV infection, which is primarily transmitted through sexual contact. While most HPV infections do not cause symptoms, certain strains can lead to oropharyngeal cancers.
- Tobacco and alcohol: Long-term use of tobacco products and excessive alcohol consumption significantly increase the risk.
Other contributing factors include:
- Chewing betel quid, a habit common in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Pacific regions.
- Epstein-Barr virus infection.
- Occupational exposure to harmful substances such as wood dust and asbestos.
- Older age, especially above 40.
- Male sex is statistically associated with higher incidence.
Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer
Symptoms of head and neck cancer vary depending on the location of the tumor. Early signs may be subtle and often overlooked. Common symptoms include:
In the mouth and throat:
- A persistent lump in the neck, usually painless.
- A sore in the mouth that doesn’t heal.
- Blood in saliva or phlegm.
- A hoarse or raspy voice.
- Loose teeth not associated with dental disease.
- Pain during swallowing or discomfort in the throat.
In the nasal region:
- Frequent nosebleeds.
- A blocked or stuffy nose that doesn’t clear.
Other signs:
- A non-healing sore on the face, neck, or lips.
- Persistent ear pain.
- Unexplained weight loss.